Asalha Puja and Art: A Harmonious Celebration of Dharma

Sermon in the deer park, Wat Chedi Liem near Chiang Mai Thailand

Asalha Puja, also known as Dharma Day, is one of the most significant holidays in the Buddhist calendar. It is celebrated on the full moon day of the eighth lunar month, usually in July. This day marks the commemoration of the Buddha's first sermon after his enlightenment, a discourse known as the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta (Setting in Motion the Wheel of Dharma). This event is crucial in the history of Buddhism, because it marks its birth as a religion and the establishment of the Sangha, the community of monks.

Its celebration is full of deep reflections, prayers and ceremonies, but it is also rich in artistic expressions. It plays a vital role in dramatizing and illustrating the master's teachings, allowing worshipers to connect visually and emotionally to this sacred day.

Historical Background of Asalha Puja

It finds its origins in a major historical event: the sermon at Sarnath. After attaining enlightenment under the Bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya, he traveled to Sarnath, near Varanasi, to share his experience and teachings.

It was in the deer park at Sarnath that he delivered the discourse, known as the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, or "Setting in Motion the Wheel of Dharma." This inaugural sermon marked the beginning of the spread of Buddhist teachings and the establishment of the Sangha, the monastic community.

The Sarnath Sermon

The Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta is considered one of his most important discourses. There he expounded the Four Noble Truths:

1. The Truth of Suffering (Dukkha) : Recognition of the suffering inherent in existence.
2. The Truth of the Origin of Suffering (Samudaya) : Identification of the causes of suffering, including desire and attachment.
3. The Truth of the Cessation of Suffering (Nirodha) : Possibility of ending suffering by eliminating its causes.
4. The Truth of the Path leading to the Cessation of Suffering (Magga) : Following the Noble Eightfold Path, a practical guide to leading an ethical, mental and spiritual life.

This sermon revealed the foundations of philosophy and presented a path to enlightenment and freedom from suffering. The five ascetics who were present during this speech became his disciples and formed the monastic community, the Sangha.

Formation of the First Monastic Community

The five ascetics who had accompanied him during his years of spiritual quest listened to his teachings and achieved enlightenment. These five disciples, named Kondañña, Vappa, Bhaddiya, Mahanama and Assaji, became the members of the Sangha. Their transformation into arahants (enlightened beings) and their commitment to monastic life marked the official birth of the monastic community.

Role of the Sangha

The Sangha plays a crucial role in the preservation and propagation of its teachings. It is one of the three components of the Three Jewels (or Triple Gem) of religion, which are the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings) and the Sangha. Sangha monks and nuns are charged with several essential responsibilities:

1. Preservation of the Teachings : Members of the Sangha memorize, teach and transcribe its words. They ensure that teachings are passed on faithfully from generation to generation.

2. Practice of Monastic Discipline : The Sangha follows a strict code of conduct known as the Vinaya. This code governs the daily lives of monks and nuns, ensuring that they live according to the ethical and spiritual principles it taught.

3. Spiritual Guide for the Laity : The Sangha also serves as a mentor and guide for the laity, helping them understand and practice the Dharma in their daily lives. Religious people offer teachings, spiritual guidance and lead religious ceremonies.

4. Community of Practice : Living in community allows religious people to mutually support their spiritual practice. This collective life promotes an environment of discipline, reflection and meditation, essential to spiritual progression.

Artistic Expressions of Asalha Puja

Paintings and Frescoes :

The paintings and frescoes depicting the sermon are among the most significant and revered works in the world.

Importance of Vibrant Colors and Intricate Details

The paintings and frescoes use vibrant colors and intricate details to capture the spiritual depth and beauty of his teachings. The colors have a symbolic meaning:

• Gold and Yellow : Symbolize wisdom, spiritual wealth and holiness.
• Blue : Represents compassion and tranquility.
• Red : Evokes strength, energy and spiritual power.
• Green : Symbolizes harmony and balance.
• White : Embodies purity, clarity and enlightenment.

Intricate details, such as floral designs, geometric patterns and natural elements, add visual richness and narrative dimension to the works. Each element is carefully crafted to convey a spiritual message and harmonious aesthetic.

Use of Frescoes

Frescoes play a crucial role in temples, serving to educate and inspire worshippers. These narrative works allow practitioners to visualize key events in the master's life and understand his teachings in an immersive way.

1. Spiritual Education : The murals tell visual stories of his life and teachings, making complex Buddhist concepts easier to understand for worshipers of all ages.

2. Meditation and Reflection : While contemplating the frescoes, practitioners can meditate on its teachings, focusing on details and symbols to deepen their spiritual understanding.

3. Ceremonies and Ritual : During ceremonies, the frescoes serve as an inspiring backdrop, creating a sacred and solemn atmosphere that enriches the ritual experience.

4. Preservation of Tradition : Frescoes contribute to the preservation of stories and legends, ensuring that its teachings are passed down from generation to generation.

Frescoes are often placed in strategic locations, such as the walls of prayer rooms, hallways and sanctuaries, where worshipers can view and meditate on them regularly. These works are not just decorations, but powerful tools of devotion and transmission of Buddhist wisdom.

Sculptures :

The statues depicting him in the Dharmachakra Mudra posture are among the most iconic and revered representations. The Dharmachakra Mudra, or gesture of teaching, symbolizes the setting in motion of the wheel of Dharma. In this posture, he is usually depicted seated in lotus position, hands positioned in front of the chest with thumbs and index fingers forming a circle, a gesture which symbolizes unity and the continued teaching of the Dharma.

Materials Used: Bronze, Wood, Stone

The materials used to carve the statues vary depending on local traditions, available resources and artistic techniques. The three most commonly used materials are bronze, wood and stone.

1. Bronze : Bronze ones are prized for their durability and ability to capture fine details. The bronze casting process allows artists to create precise and elegant depictions, with smooth finishes and detailed designs. These statues are often patinated or gilded, adding an extra dimension of beauty and reverence.

2. Wood : Wood is a traditional material widely used for sculptures, particularly in Southeast Asia. Wooden statues can be finely carved to reveal serene expressions and graceful gestures. Wood, often lacquered or painted, brings warmth and softness, creating a more intimate connection with the faithful.

3. Stone : Stone statues, such as those carved from marble or sandstone, are sturdy and imposing. Stone sculpture allows the creation of monumental works, often intended to be placed in temples or public spaces. The stone imparts a sense of permanence and eternity, symbolizing the timeless nature of the master's teachings.

Importance of Sculpture in Devotion and Veneration

Statues play a central role in the devotion and veneration of practitioners. They are not only works, but sacred objects that facilitate spiritual practice and meditation. Here are some aspects of the significance of these sculptures:

1. Object of Veneration : The statues serve as a focal point for prayer and rituals. Worshipers offer flowers, incense and candles in front of the statues, expressing their devotion and respect towards the master and his teachings.

2. Spiritual Inspiration : The presence of a statue inspires reflection and contemplation. By observing its serene features and meditation posture, practitioners are encouraged to cultivate inner peace, compassion and wisdom in their own lives.

3. Symbolism and Teaching : Each posture and gesture, including the Dharmachakra Mudra, conveys specific aspects of Buddhist doctrine. The statues serve as visual teachings, reminding worshipers of the fundamental principles of Dharma and guiding them on their spiritual path.

4. Community and Cultural Identity : Statues reinforce the cultural and religious identity of communities. They are often the center of community activities, celebrations and religious festivals, strengthening social and spiritual bonds between practitioners.

Examples of Sculptures

1. Bronze Sculpture in Dharmachakra Mudra Posture

Description : This sculpture represents the master seated in the lotus position, the hands forming the gesture of the Dharmachakra Mudra, symbolizing the setting in motion of the wheel of Dharma. The serene expression and fine details of the dress and ornaments highlight peace and wisdom.

• Location : Bangkok National Museum, Thailand
• Materials : Bronze, often patinated or gilded to add a touch of solemnity and veneration.

2. Stone Sculpture of the Master Teacher

Description : This imposing stone sculpture presents him in the Dharmachakra Mudra posture, surrounded by disciples and floral motifs carved into the base. The sculpture gives off a sense of permanence and stability, symbolizing the eternity of its teachings.

• Location : Mahabodhi Temple, Bodh Gaya, India
• Materials : Stone (granite or marble), with particular attention to details of clothing folds and facial expressions.

3. Wooden Statue at Sarnath

Description : A finely carved wooden statue shows him teaching in the deer park at Sarnath. The natural texture of the wood and the finesse of the sculpture add a warm and intimate dimension to the work.

• Location : Wat Pho Temple, Bangkok, Thailand
• Materials : Wood (teak or sandalwood), often lacquered or painted to protect and beautify the sculpture.

4. Bronze Sculpture of the Sermon

Description : This bronze sculpture represents not only the master but also the five ascetics who listen attentively to him. The details of the disciples' faces and postures reflect the devotion and enlightenment they receive.

• Location : Guimet Museum, Paris, France
• Materials : Bronze, with gilded elements to accentuate the sacred aspects of the scene.

5. Stone sculpture representing him with Disciples

Buddha, Prince Gautama, credit: Gunawan Kartapranata via wikipedia

Description : A large stone sculpture depicts him surrounded by his five disciples, all in postures of meditation and attentive listening. This massive work gives an impression of grandeur and solemnity.

• Location : Borobudur Temple, Indonesia
• Materials : Volcanic stone, precision cut to create realistic and expressive details.
  
  

Art Installations:

1. Light and Sound Installations

Example of Installation in a Temple:

• Projection Mapping: At temples such as Wat Pho in Bangkok, projection mapping techniques can be used to illuminate the temple walls with moving images depicting Prince Gautama's sermon. These projections can be accompanied by Buddhist chants and natural sounds, creating an immersive spiritual ambiance.
• Digital Lanterns and Candles: Installations of LED lanterns are placed in temple gardens, symbolically representing the light of Dharma. These lights can change color and intensity in sync with pre-recorded mantras or sermons played through hidden speakers.

Example of Installation in a Public Space:

• Forest of Lights: In public parks, such as Lumphini Park in Bangkok, an artistic installation entitled "Forest of Lights" is set up. Hundreds of LED lights hanging in the trees recreate a mystical atmosphere reminiscent of the deer park in Sarnath. Visitors can walk through this installation while listening to stories and teachings broadcast through hidden speakers.
  
  

2. Interactive Installations

Example of Installation in a Temple:

• Interactive Meditation Wall: In temples like the Mahabodhi Temple, an interactive wall can be installed. Practitioners can touch different sections of the wall to hear excerpts of his teachings. Touch sensors activate lights and sounds, providing an engaging meditative experience.
  
  

Example of Installation in a Public Space:

• Interactive Sand Garden: In public spaces like the peace gardens in Hiroshima, a large interactive sand garden can be created. Visitors can use rakes to draw mandalas and Buddhist symbols in the sand. Sensors under the sand can detect movement and trigger light and sound effects corresponding to the drawn patterns.

Immersive Experiences Integrating Light, Sound and Interactive Elements

Immersive experiences combining light, sound and interactive elements offer an innovative and captivating way to celebrate Asalha Puja. These experiences allow participants to experience its teachings in a deep and multisensory way.

Example of an Immersive Experience in a Temple:

Dharma Ceremony in Virtual Reality (VR): In modern temples like Fo Guang Shan in Taiwan, a meditation room can be equipped with VR headsets. Practitioners can participate in a virtual re-enactment of the master's sermon, surrounded by natural sounds and Buddhist chants, with immersive visuals of the deer park in Sarnath.

Example of an Immersive Experience in a Public Space:

• Dharma Tunnel: In public spaces such as cultural centers or libraries, an interactive tunnel can be installed. Upon entering the tunnel, visitors are surrounded by light projections representing the different stages of enlightenment. The tunnel walls respond to touch, allowing visitors to trigger narrative sequences and soothing sounds.
  
  

The Asalha Puja, celebrated to commemorate the sermon and the establishment of the Sangha, is not only a time of deep reflection and devotion, but also a valuable opportunity for artistic expression. Throughout the ages, he has played a vital role in bringing the teachings of Prince Gautama to life, enabling practitioners to connect visually, emotionally and spiritually to the principles of the Dharma.

The various forms – paintings, frescoes, sculptures, interactive installations, and digital works – enrich the understanding and celebration of this event. They make Buddhist stories and symbols tangible, transforming temples and public spaces into sanctuaries of meditation and devotion.